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herb pharm If St. John's Wort is making me anxious should I lower the dosage? ? I have been taking it for about two weeks and it has definitely improved my mood and helped me to function. I don'...
herb pharm
 If St. John's Wort is making me anxious should I lower the dosage? ? I have been taking it for about two weeks and it has definitely improved my mood and helped me to function. I don't want to stop taking it because I feel so much better, but if it is making me anxious should I lower the dosage or look for something else? I use Herb Pharm tincture and take a dropper and a half of it 3 times a day. are you drinking enough water? limiting your caffein and chocolate |
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Chemical Composition, Minerals, Protein Fractionation, and Anti-nutrition factors in leaf of hargel plant (Solenostemma argel)
Chemical Composition, Minerals, Protein Fractionation, and Anti-nutrition factors in leaf of hargel plant (Solenostemma argel)
1 Murwan K. Sabah El-Kheir and 2 Murwa A.M
1 and 2 Department of Biochemistry, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al Neelain University, Sudan.
E-mail: murwansabahelkhier@yahoo.com
Abstract:
This experiment was conducted in the Lab. of Biochemistry Department in 2003. The leaf of (Solenostemma argel) characterized by high carbohydrates (64.8%) and low crude fiber (6.5%). In addition the leaf contained 15 % protein, 1.6% crude oil, 7.7% ash, and 4.4% moisture content. The results revealed that the leaf contained high potassium (0.54%), calcium (0.06%), magnesium (0.03%) and sodium (0.01%), but it characterized by low cupper (0.0001%), ferrous (0.002%), manganese (0.002%) and lead (0.001%). The protein fractionation of leaf characterized by high Albumins (16.7%), Non- Nitrogenous Protein (15.3%), Prolamine (11.7) and low Globulins (8.7 %), and Glutulin (6.2%). Leaf contained phytic acid (3.2 g/100g and tannin content (0.4%).
Key words: Hargel, Herb, Calcium and tannin.
1. Introduction
Hargel is (Solenostemma argel ) a plant or plant part of valued for its medicinal, aromatic or savory qualities. Herb plants produce and contain a variety of chemical substances that act upon the body (Shayoub, 2003). Herbs had been used all cultures throughout history. The primitive man observed and appreciated the great diversity of plants available to him. The plants provided food, clothing, shelter, and medicine (Shayoub, 2003). Certainly herbs have their place as self help minor infections, cough, cold, stomach upset, indigestion, catarrh, constipation and so on (WHO, 2002; Mcntyres 2003). Herbal medicine has provided the worlds population with safe, effective and low cost natural substances (medicine) for centuries (Shayoub, 2003).In Sudan, man is still depending on plants in the traditional uses especially in remote rural areas as main or the only source of healthcare, it begins at the house hold level, where family members posses a great sum of knowledge on the diagnosis and treatment of common ailments as their geographical and economical status dose not allow a chance for medical care (Agib, 2000).The plant used in this present investigation is Solenostemma argel (Del.) Haynes which is a member of the family Asclepiadaceae, it is a desert plant which widely distributed in Egypt, Libya, Chad, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Palestine, Central and Northern part of the Sudan (Halima, 2001).However, among these above mentioned countries, Sudan is regarded as the richest source of the hargel plant which found between Barbar and Abu Hamad. In other Arabic countries and Sudan, the tradition name of this plant is hargel. The part used of the plant is dried leaves and stems (EL. Kamali, 1991).El-Kamali (1991) and Yagoub (2003) explained that the alcoholic extract of Solenostemma argel has anti fungal effect while
Mudawi (2003) reported that the chloroform extract (600 – 800 mg) induced a delayed and gradual decrease in amplitude of the spontaneous contractions of pregnant or non-pregnant uterus. Ross and their co-workers (1980) illustrated the presence of antibiotic substances in the ethanol extracts of Hargel plant. Khalid and their co-workers (1974) stated the presence of Kampferol and Steroidal glycosides in leaves of hargel.While Plaza, et al. (2003) reported that the protein, sugar, fiber, and vitamins are present with minerals Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Ni+3, P+3 and there is occurrence of four new pregnant glycosides from the priecarps of Solenostemma argel. The presence of biologically active components such as phytates and phenolic compounds are found to have adverse effects on intrinsic properties of proteins (Yagoub, 2003). Goldstein and Swain (1963) showed that the tannins are phenolic polymers precipitate protein from aqueous solution and it is reduce or inhibit enzyme activity. Phytic acid represents a complex class of naturally occurring organic form of phosphorus compounds that can significantly influence the functional and nutritional properties of foods (Fageer, 2003).
The objectives of this study are included:
The present work is an attempt to add something new and useful to trial and efforts basis through the use of Hargel plant (Solenosetemma argel). Sine Sudan is considered as one of the countries containing a wide variety of flora. Our objectives are namely: determine the chemical composition (moisture, protein, ash, fat, crude fiber and carbohydrate), mineral content (Ca, Mg, K., Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb), protein fractionation (Albumin, Globulin, Prolamine, Glutulin and non-protein nitrogen), and anti-nutritional factors (Tannins and phytic acid) of leaf of Solenosetemma argel.
2. Experimental
2.1 Sample preparation
Leaves of Hargel plant were obtained from Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, and University of Khartoum. The leaves of Solenostemma argel were cleaned from dust and foreign materials by hand and separately freed from other parts of plant and crushed by electricity machine into coarsely powdered (AOAC, 1990).
2.2 Chemical composition
Moisture content, crude protein, crude oil, ash content, crude fiber, total carbohydrates were determined according to AOAC (1990). Moisture content of leaf of Hargel plant was determined by drying samples at 105 oC overnight (AOAC, 1990). Total carbohydrates were obtained by subtraction of contents of the moisture, ash, oil, protein and crude fiber from 100.
2.3 Minerals content
The minerals of dried samples (leaf) were extracted according to Pearson's method (1970) and were measured in a filtered 50 ml extraction solution by using Atomic absorption equipment.
2.4 Protein fractionation
The sequential extraction of protein was carried out according to Mendel and Osborne (1924). It is basis on solubility of protein in different solvents. Water – soluble protein (Albumins), salt-soluble protein (Globulins), alcohol - soluble protein (Glutulin), alkali – soluble – protein (Prolamine) and residual – proteins (None – protein nitrogen).The residues remaining after those successive extractions with four solvents were determined by semi micro-Kjeldhal method according to AOCA (1990).Percent protein extracted was calculated to total amount of protein in the samples extracted such as follows:
Soluble protein (total) % = T X N X TV X 14 X 6.25 X 100
1000 X A
Protein solubility % = Soluble protein X 100
Total protein
Where:
T = Titer reading (ml/HCl), N = Normality of the HCl (0.02N), TV =Total Volume of the aliquot extracted (100ml), A = Number of (ml) of sample extracted (2.0g), 14 = each ml of HCl is equivalent to 14 mg. Nitrogen, 1000 = Number of mg in one gram and 6.25 = conversion factor from nitrogen into protein %.
2.4 Anti-nutrition factors
2.4.1 Tannin content
Quantitative estimation of tannins for each sample was carried out by using modified vanillin- HCl methanol method as described by Price and Butler (1987).
There is no useful standards curve for tannin in food, but the tanninic acid was used for preparation the standard curve of tannic acid. The standard curve of tannic acid was prepared according to AOAC (1990) for measurement the concentration of tannin in our samples (plotting the concentration of tanninic acid (mg) against the corresponding reading of Spectrophotometer in Absorbance).
2.4.2 Phytic acid content
The phytic acid content was determined according to the method described by Wheeler and Ferrel (1971). Preparation of standard curve for phytic acid was done as follows: standard curve of different Fe (NO3) 3 concentrations was blotted against the corresponding of Spectrophotometer to calculated the ferric iron conc. The phytate phosphorus was calculated from the concentration of ferric iron assuming 4:6 irons: phosphorus molar ratio.
3. Statistical analysis:
Three separate sub samples from each origin sample were taken and analyzed. Then mean values were averaged. Data were assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).
4. Results
4.1 Chemical composition
The chemical composition of leaf of the hargel is shown in Table 1. The findings indicated that moisture content of leaf is 4.4% which is lower than those values obtained by El-Kamali (1991).Protein content (15%) of leaf studied is coincided with those given by El-Kamali (1991). Whereas, crude oil of leaf studied is 1.6%.and the ash content is 7.7%. The crude fiber of the leaf studied is 6.5% while total carbohydrates of sample investigated is 64.8%.
4.2 Minerals content
Minerals contents of leaf of the hargel are given in Table 2.The results indicated that calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, ferrous, manganese, cupper and lead of leaf studied of hargel are 0.06, 0.03, 0.54, 0.01, .0.002, 0.002, 0.0001 and 0.001 %, respectively. The findings revealed that there is significantly difference in minerals content at level of p ? 0.05.
4.3 Protein fractionation
Protein fractionation of leaf studied is shown in Table 3. It is observed that the leaf contained 16.7% Albumin (water-soluble protein), 11.7 5 Prolamine (alkali-soluble protein), 8.7% Globulin (salt-soluble protein), 6.2% Glutulin ((alcohol-soluble protein) and 15.3 % Non-nitrogenous protein. The results indicated that there is significantly difference in protein fractionation of leaf studied at level of p ? 0.05.
4.4 Anti- nutrition factors
Anti- nutrition factors of leaf studied is given in Table 3.It is clearly indicated that the leaf studied contained high tannin (0.04%) and also contained high phytic acid (3.2g/100g). These results are inline with El-Kamali (1991) who reported that the leaf of hargel plant gave positive test with tannin.
Generally, this study revealed that the chemical composition, minerals, protein fractionation of leaf of hargel plant.
References
(1) AOAC. 1990. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th edition. Washington,
(2) Agib, A.M. 2000. Pharmacology of Sudanese plants with putative anti- Inflammatory Activities –pharm. M. Sc., University of Khartoum.
(3) Elkamali., H.H. 1991. Botanical and Chemicall studies on Solenostemma argel (Del)
Hayne growing in Khartoum. M. Sc., University of Khartoum.
(4) Fageer, A.S. 2003. Effect of genotype malt pretreatment and cooking on phytates
- in -vitro protein digestibility and protein fractions of cornflour. Ph.D Degree, University
of Khartoum.
(5) Gomez, T.P. and A.A. Gomez 1984. Statistical Procedure for Agriculture Research John Willy and Sons Inc. New York, U.S.A.
(6) Goldstein, J.L and T. Swain 1963. Change in tannin in ripening fruit. Phyto chemistry (2),371
(7) Khalid, S.A.1974. Investigation on peucedanum ostruthium L. and Solenostemma argel (Del) Hayne. Doctorate thesis submitted to the University of Szeged, Hungary.
(8) Khalid, S.A., N.K. Szendrei and N. Ustavan 1974. Sudanese plants. I. Solenostemma argel. Herba Hung., 13: 33-35.
(9) Mcntyre, A.2003. Herbs at the forefront of modern medicine. Accessed at the website www.poditivehealth.com/permit/articles/herbal/herbal
(10) Mudawi, A.G.2003. Toxicological studies of Sudanese medicinal plants. M.Sc., Thesis Submitted to Khartoum University.
(11) Mendel, L. B. and T.B. Osborne 1924. Nutritional properties of protein of maize
Kernel. J. Biol. Chem.. 18: 1-4.
(12) Pearson, D. 1970. " The chemical analysis of foods: J. and A. Churchill. 104 Gloucester place-London. Nutritional value and fatty acid composition o/some high yielding varieties of bajara. Bull of Grain Tech. (21), 41.
(13) Plaza, A., G Bifulco, A.l.Hamed,C. Pizza and S. Piocente 2003. Novel
Pregnant glycoside form Solenostemma argel (Hargel) argel, Presented at (The Changing Face of Natural Products Chemistry, the 44th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Pharmacology, July 12-16, 2003; chapel Hill , NC.
(14) Price, M.L., Van Scoyoc, and L.G.Butler 1987. A critical evaluation of the vanillin reactions as an assay for tannin in sorghum rain. J. Agric. Food chem. 26 (5): 1214-1218.
(15) Ross, S.A., S.E. Megalla, D.W. Dishay and A. H. Awad 1980. Studies for determining antibiotic substances in some Egyptian plants. Hort. Abstr, 51, 309-312. part 2. Screening for Antimicrobial activity. Fitoterapia, 5, 303.
(16) Shayoub, M.E. 2003. Design formulation and evaluation of Solenostemma argel tablets (ALHARGAL). Thesis for doctor philosophy (Ph. D) degree. Faculty of pharmacy
University of Khartoum. Sudan.
(17) Wheeler, E. L. and R.E Ferrel 1971. A method for phytic acid determination in wheat and wheat fractions. cereal chem. (48): 312-320.
(18) WHO. 2002. Traditional medicine strategy 2002-2005. Document WHO/EDM/ TRM/2002.1; Traditional medicine, Department of Essential Drugs and Medicines policy, world health organization, Geneva
(19) Yagoub, A. G 2003. A biophysical study on Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffal.) seeds total proteins of the traditionally fermented food. Thesis for doctorate degree of philosophy. Faculty of Agri. University of Khartoum.
Table 1 Chemical composition of leaf of hargel plant.
Parameter / sample
Moisture %
Protein
%
Ash
%
Oil
%
Crude fiber
%
Carbohydrates %
Leaf -studied
4.4
(±0.2)
15
(±0.6)
7.7
(±0.1)
1.6
(±0..4)
6.5
(±0.2)
64.8
(±0.1)
Table 2: Minerals content of leaf of hargel plant.
Parameter / sample
Ca %
Mg %
K %
Na %
Fe %
Mn %
Cu %
Pb %
Leaf -studied
0.06 (±0.02)
0.03 (±0.01)
0.54 (±0.2)
0.01 (±0.01)
0.002 (±0.01)
0.002 (±0.01)
0.0001
(±0.01)
0.001 (±0.01)
Table 3: Protein fractionation of leaf of hargel plant.
Parameter / sample
Albumin
%
Globulin
%
Glutulin
%
Prolamine
%
Non- nitrogen compound %
Leaf –studied
16.7 (±.1.2)
8.7
(±0.10)
6.2
(±0.2
11.7
(±1.2)
15.3
(±3.5)
Table4:Anti-nutrition factors (Tannin and Phytic acid) of leaf of hargel plant.
Parameter / sample
Tannin %
Phytic acid g /100 g
Leaf –studied
0.40 (±.02)
3.2 (±3.0)
About the Author
1 Murwan K. Sabah El-Kheir and 2 Murwa A.M
1 and 2 Department of Biochemistry, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al Neelain University, Sudan.
E-mail: murwansabahelkhier@yahoo.com